Conventional Lower (16)

Conventional Lower Front

Conventional Lower Back
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Labels | Related Segment | Anatomical Location | Additional Description |
---|---|---|---|
Pelvis | Left Iliac Anterior Spine
Right Iliac Anterior Spine | Place the marker on the protruding bones located on the left and right side of the pelvis front. | |
Pelvis | Left Iliac Posterior Spine
Right Iliac Posterior Spine | Place each marker on the two dimples which can be palpated near the spine right above the hips. |
Note that the waist markers are the key markers in modeling the pelvis bone, which is the major segment governing the other subsequent Skeleton segments.
Labels | Related Segment | Anatomical Location | Placement Description |
---|---|---|---|
Upper Leg | Left Femur Lateral Epicondyle
Right Femur Lateral Epicondyle | Place the marker on the lateral prominence of the knee joint axis. More specifically, the marker should be placed on the femur epicondyle. You may need to ask the subject to flex and extend the knee few times to locate the axis. | |
LTH
RTH | Upper Leg | Left Thigh
Right Thigh | Place the markers at the front center of the thigh near the midline. This marker is placed for distinguishing left and right side of the Skeleton. For best results, slightly offset the height of right and left marker to introduce an asymmetry. |
LSK
RSK | Upper Leg | Left Superior Knee
Right Superior Knee | Place the markers on the shin bone near the midline of the lower leg. This marker is placed for distinguishing left and right side of the Skeleton. For best results, slightly offset the height of right and left marker to introduce an asymmetry. |
Lower Leg | Left Tibial Tubercle
Right Tibial Tubercle | Place the marker about 2-3 cm below the knee cap bone. This marker should be placed on the most anterior point of the tibial tuberosity. |
The joint center of the knee and the ankle is modeled at the midpoint of the lateral and medial joint markers (FLE/FME and FAL/TAM). Assuming that center of the femoral head aligns with the center of the acetabulum, its virtual location is modeled using markers on the pelvis segment (posterior and anterior iliac spine markers). The lower extremity segments are modeled along these three virtual locations.
Labels | Related Segment | Anatomical Location | Placement Description |
---|---|---|---|
Lower Leg/Foot | Left Fibula Ankle Lateral
Right Fibula Ankle Lateral | Place the maker on the lateral side of the ankle axis; on the lateral prominence of the lateral malleolus bone. | |
Foot | Left Foot Second Metatarsal
Right Foot Second Metatarsal | Place the marker on the dorsal aspect of the second metatarsal bone. | |
Foot | Left Foot Calcaneus
Right Foot Calcaneus | Place the marker on center of the heel, where the Achilles tendon attaches to the calcneous bone. |
- 1.Leardini, A., Biagi, F., Merlo, A., Belvedere, C., Benedetti, M.G., 2011. Multi-segment trunk kinematics during locomotion and elementary exercises. Clin. Biomech. 26, 562-571.
- 2.Leardini, A., Sawacha, Z., Paolini, G., Ingrosso, S., Nativo, R., Benedetti, M.G., 2007. A new anatomically based protocol for gait analysis in children. Gait Posture 26. 560-571.
Last modified 9mo ago