Conventional Upper (27)

Conventional Upper (27)

Head Markers

LabelsRelated SegmentAnatomical LocationPlacement Description

LAH RAH

Head

Left Anterior Head Right Anterior Head

Place the markers on the left and right side of the fore head. The respective location is shown in the Skeleton figure.

LPH RPH

Head

Left Posterior head Right Posterior head

Place the markers on the left and right side of the head about 2 cm behind the ear. The respective location is shown in the Skeleton figure.

Torso Markers

LabelsRelated SegmentAnatomical LocationAdditional Description

SJN (IJ[1])

Thorax

Sternum Jugular Notch

Top most section of the sternum. Place the marker on the center of the two clavicle bones.

SXS (PX[1])

Thorax

Sternum Xiphoid Process

Lowest section of the sternum. Place the marker 1-2 cm above where bottom of the two rib cages conjoin.

CV7 (C7[1])

Thorax

Cervical Spine Vertebra 7

The 7th cervical spine vertebra is the largest vertebra located at the most inferior region of the neck. This section usually protrudes to the posterior side and can be palpated.

TV2 (T2[1])

Thorax

Thoracic Spine Vertebra 2

The second thoracic spine vertebra is located three spine levels below the C7 vertebra. Which is located approximately at same height with shoulder joint markers.

TV7 (T7[1])

Thorax

Thoracic Spine Vertebra 7

Usually located at the center of the thoracic spinal column.

Waist Markers

LabelsRelated SegmentAnatomical LocationAdditional Description

LIAS (PSISl[2][1]) RIAS (PSIS[2][1])

Pelvis

Left Iliac Anterior Spine Right Iliac Anterior Spine

Place the marker on the protruding bones located on the left and right side of the pelvis front.

LIPS (ASIS[2][1]) RIPS (ASIS[2][1])

Pelvis

Left Iliac Posterior Spine Right Iliac Posterior Spine

Place each marker on the two dimples which can be palpated near the spine right above the hips.

Note that the waist markers are the key markers in modeling the pelvis bone, which is the major segment governing the other subsequent Skeleton segments.

Upper Extremity Markers

LabelsRelated SegmentAnatomical LocationPlacement Description

LCAJ (LA[1]) RCAJ (RA[1])

Thorax

Left Clavicle-Acromion Joint Right Clavicle-Acromion Joint

Ask the subject to stretch both arms towards the side (T-pose), then palpate top of each shoulder for the protruding bone. The prominence is usually located at the end of the corresponding clavicle bone just before where the upper arm starts.

LHLE RHLE

Upper Arm

Left Humerus Lateral Epicondyle Right Humerus Lateral Epicondyle

Placed the markers on the lateral side of the elbow axis. Flex and extend the arm few times to find where elbow axis is located.

LUA RUA

Upper Arm

Left Upper Arm Right Upper Arm

Ask the subject to stand in T-pose while placing the marker. Palpate to find the groove between the triceps muscles where skin movements are relatively minimal.

Not depicted in diagram

Forearm

Left Lower Arm Right Lower Arm

Place marker along the Ulna bone along the same line as the LUSP/RUSP marker

Hand Markers

LabelsRelated SegmentAnatomical LocationPlacement Description

LHM2 RHM2

Hand

Left Hand Second metatarsal Right Hand Second metatarsal

Place the marker slight below the knuckle of the index finger.

LUSP RUSP

Hand

Left Ulna Styloid Process Right Ulna Styloid Process

Place the marker on the lateral side of the wrist axis.

LRSP RRSP

Hand

Left Radius Styloid Process Right Radius Styloid Process

Place the marker on the medial side of the wrist axis.

For best results, place the three hand markers so the created shape is asymmetrical (avoid isosceles shape) and unique from the marker arrangements on the other hand. Since the wrist markers have defined placement — along the wrist axis — introduce small amount of positional offset to the LHM2 and RHM2 markers.

References

  1. Leardini, A., Biagi, F., Merlo, A., Belvedere, C., Benedetti, M.G., 2011. Multi-segment trunk kinematics during locomotion and elementary exercises. Clin. Biomech. 26, 562-571.

  2. Leardini, A., Sawacha, Z., Paolini, G., Ingrosso, S., Nativo, R., Benedetti, M.G., 2007. A new anatomically based protocol for gait analysis in children. Gait Posture 26. 560-571.