Conventional Upper (27)
Last updated
Last updated
| Labels | Related Segment | Anatomical Location | Placement Description |
|---|---|---|---|
LAH RAH | Head | Left Anterior Head Right Anterior Head | Place the markers on the left and right side of the fore head. The respective location is shown in the Skeleton figure. |
LPH RPH | Head | Left Posterior head Right Posterior head | Place the markers on the left and right side of the head about 2 cm behind the ear. The respective location is shown in the Skeleton figure. |
| Labels | Related Segment | Anatomical Location | Additional Description |
|---|---|---|---|
SJN (IJ[1]) | Thorax | Sternum Jugular Notch | Top most section of the sternum. Place the marker on the center of the two clavicle bones. |
SXS (PX[1]) | Thorax | Sternum Xiphoid Process | Lowest section of the sternum. Place the marker 1-2 cm above where bottom of the two rib cages conjoin. |
CV7 (C7[1]) | Thorax | Cervical Spine Vertebra 7 | The 7th cervical spine vertebra is the largest vertebra located at the most inferior region of the neck. This section usually protrudes to the posterior side and can be palpated. |
TV2 (T2[1]) | Thorax | Thoracic Spine Vertebra 2 | The second thoracic spine vertebra is located three spine levels below the C7 vertebra. Which is located approximately at same height with shoulder joint markers. |
TV7 (T7[1]) | Thorax | Thoracic Spine Vertebra 7 | Usually located at the center of the thoracic spinal column. |
| Labels | Related Segment | Anatomical Location | Additional Description |
|---|---|---|---|
Pelvis | Left Iliac Anterior Spine Right Iliac Anterior Spine | Place the marker on the protruding bones located on the left and right side of the pelvis front. | |
Pelvis | Left Iliac Posterior Spine Right Iliac Posterior Spine | Place each marker on the two dimples which can be palpated near the spine right above the hips. |
Note that the waist markers are the key markers in modeling the pelvis bone, which is the major segment governing the other subsequent Skeleton segments.
| Labels | Related Segment | Anatomical Location | Placement Description |
|---|---|---|---|
Thorax | Left Clavicle-Acromion Joint Right Clavicle-Acromion Joint | Ask the subject to stretch both arms towards the side (T-pose), then palpate top of each shoulder for the protruding bone. The prominence is usually located at the end of the corresponding clavicle bone just before where the upper arm starts. | |
LHLE RHLE | Upper Arm | Left Humerus Lateral Epicondyle Right Humerus Lateral Epicondyle | Placed the markers on the lateral side of the elbow axis. Flex and extend the arm few times to find where elbow axis is located. |
LUA RUA | Upper Arm | Left Upper Arm Right Upper Arm | Ask the subject to stand in T-pose while placing the marker. Palpate to find the groove between the triceps muscles where skin movements are relatively minimal. |
Not depicted in diagram | Forearm | Left Lower Arm Right Lower Arm | Place marker along the Ulna bone along the same line as the LUSP/RUSP marker |
| Labels | Related Segment | Anatomical Location | Placement Description |
|---|---|---|---|
LHM2 RHM2 | Hand | Left Hand Second metatarsal Right Hand Second metatarsal | Place the marker slight below the knuckle of the index finger. |
LUSP RUSP | Hand | Left Ulna Styloid Process Right Ulna Styloid Process | Place the marker on the lateral side of the wrist axis. |
LRSP RRSP | Hand | Left Radius Styloid Process Right Radius Styloid Process | Place the marker on the medial side of the wrist axis. |
For best results, place the three hand markers so the created shape is asymmetrical (avoid isosceles shape) and unique from the marker arrangements on the other hand. Since the wrist markers have defined placement — along the wrist axis — introduce small amount of positional offset to the LHM2 and RHM2 markers.
Leardini, A., Biagi, F., Merlo, A., Belvedere, C., Benedetti, M.G., 2011. Multi-segment trunk kinematics during locomotion and elementary exercises. Clin. Biomech. 26, 562-571.
Leardini, A., Sawacha, Z., Paolini, G., Ingrosso, S., Nativo, R., Benedetti, M.G., 2007. A new anatomically based protocol for gait analysis in children. Gait Posture 26. 560-571.
