Biomech (57)

The anterior and posterior views of the Biomech Marker Set (49). The calibration markers are highlighted in red.

Head Markers

Labels	Related Segment	Anatomical Location	Placement Description
LAH RAH	Head	Left Anterior Head Right Anterior Head	Place the markers on the left and right side of the fore head. The respective location is shown in the Skeleton figure.
LPH RPH	Head	Left Posterior head Right Posterior head	Place the markers on the left and right side of the head about 2 cm behind the ear. The respective location is shown in the Skeleton figure.

Torso Markers

Labels	Related Segment	Anatomical Location	Additional Description
SJN (IJ[1])	Thorax	Sternum Jugular Notch	Top most section of the sternum. Place the marker on the center of the two clavicle bones.
SXS (PX[1])	Thorax	Sternum Xiphoid Process	Lowest section of the sternum. Place the marker 1-2 cm above where bottom of the two rib cages conjoin.
CV7 (C7[1])	Thorax	Cervical Spine Vertebra 7	The 7th cervical spine vertebra is the largest vertebra located at the most inferior region of the neck. This section usually protrudes to the posterior side and can be palpated.
TV2 (T2[1])	Thorax	Thoracic Spine Vertebra 2	The second thoracic spine vertebra is located three spine levels below the C7 vertebra. Which is located approximately at same height with shoulder joint markers.
TV7 (T7[1])	Thorax	Thoracic Spine Vertebra 7	Usually located at the center of the thoracic spinal column.
LHGT RHGT	Upper Arm / Shoulder	Left Glenohumeral Joint Right Glenohumeral Joint	Place the marker on the posterior side of the shoulder axis. Ask the subject to posture in T-pose while placing the markers.

Waist Markers

Labels	Related Segment	Anatomical Location	Additional Description
LIAS (PSISl[2][1]) RIAS (PSIS[2][1])	Pelvis	Left Iliac Anterior Spine Right Iliac Anterior Spine	Place the marker on the protruding bones located on the left and right side of the pelvis front.
LIPS (ASIS[2][1]) RIPS (ASIS[2][1])	Pelvis	Left Iliac Posterior Spine Right Iliac Posterior Spine	Place each marker on the two dimples which can be palpated near the spine right above the hips.

Note that the waist markers are the key markers in modeling the pelvis bone, which is the major segment governing the other subsequent Skeleton segments.

Upper Extremity Markers

Labels	Related Segment	Anatomical Location	Placement Description
LCAJ (LA[1]) RCAJ (RA[1])	Thorax	Left Clavicle-Acromion Joint Right Clavicle-Acromion Joint	Ask the subject to stretch both arms towards the side (T-pose), then palpate top of each shoulder for the protruding bone. The prominence is usually located at the end of the corresponding clavicle bone just before where the upper arm starts.
LHLE RHLE	Upper Arm	Left Humerus Lateral Epicondyle Right Humerus Lateral Epicondyle	Placed the markers on the lateral side of the elbow axis. Flex and extend the arm few times to find where elbow axis is located.
LHME* RHME*	Upper Arm	Left Humerus Medial Epicondyle Right Humerus Medial Epicondyle	Place on the medial side of the elbow axis. Ask the subject to flex and extend the arm while placing the markers.
LUA RUA	Upper Arm	Left Upper Arm Right Upper Arm	Ask the subject to stand in T-pose while placing the marker. Palpate to find the groove between the triceps muscles where skin movements are relatively minimal.

Hand Markers

Labels	Related Segment	Anatomical Location	Placement Description
LHM2 RHM2	Hand	Left Hand Second metatarsal Right Hand Second metatarsal	Place the marker slight below the knuckle of the index finger.
LUSP RUSP	Hand	Left Ulna Styloid Process Right Ulna Styloid Process	Place the marker on the lateral side of the wrist axis.
LRSP RRSP	Hand	Left Radius Styloid Process Right Radius Styloid Process	Place the marker on the medial side of the wrist axis.

For best results, place the three hand markers so the created shape is asymmetrical (avoid isosceles shape) and unique from the marker arrangements on the other hand. Since the wrist markers have defined placement — along the wrist axis — introduce small amount of positional offset to the LHM2 and RHM2 markers.

Lower Extremity Markers

Labels	Related Segment	Anatomical Location	Placement Description
LFTC (GT[2]) RFTC (GT[2])	Pelvis	Left Femoral greater Trochanter Right Femoral greater Trochanter	Place the markers on left and right side of the hip, where you can palpate the hip joint or the most lateral prominence of the greater trochanter.
LFLE (LE[2]) RFLE (LE[2])	Upper Leg	Left Femur Lateral Epicondyle Right Femur Lateral Epicondyle	Place the marker on the lateral prominence of the knee joint axis. More specifically, the marker should be placed on the femur epicondyle. You may need to ask the subject to flex and extend the knee few times to locate the axis.
LFME* (ME[2]) RFME* (ME[2])	Upper Leg	Left Femur Medial Epicondyle Right Femur Medial Epicondyle	Place the marker on the Medial prominence of the knee joint axis. Ask the subject to flex and extend the knee few times to locate the knee axis.
LTH RTH	Upper Leg	Left Thigh Right Thigh	Place the markers at the front center of the thigh near the midline. This marker is placed for distinguishing left and right side of the Skeleton. For best results, slightly offset the height of right and left marker to introduce an asymmetry.
LSK RSK	Upper Leg	Left Superior Knee Right Superior Knee	Place the markers on the shin bone near the midline of the lower leg. This marker is placed for distinguishing left and right side of the Skeleton. For best results, slightly offset the height of right and left marker to introduce an asymmetry.
LTTC (TT[2]) RTTC (TT[2])	Lower Leg	Left Tibial Tubercle Right Tibial Tubercle	Place the marker about 2-3 cm below the knee cap bone. This marker should be placed on the most anterior point of the tibial tuberosity.
LFAX (HF[2]) RFAX (HF[2])	Lower Leg	Left Fibula Apex Right Fibula Apex	While standing, place the markers approximately 5 cm below the LFLE and RFLE markers. This marker should be placed on the lateral prominence of proximal end of the fibula.

The joint center of the knee and the ankle is modeled at the midpoint of the lateral and medial joint markers (FLE/FME and FAL/TAM). Assuming that center of the femoral head aligns with the center of the acetabulum, its virtual location is modeled using markers on the pelvis segment (posterior and anterior iliac spine markers). The lower extremity segments are modeled along these three virtual locations.

Foot Markers

Labels	Related Segment	Anatomical Location	Placement Description
LFAL(LM[2]) RFAL	Lower Leg/Foot	Left Fibula Ankle Lateral Right Fibula Ankle Lateral	Place the maker on the lateral side of the ankle axis; on the lateral prominence of the lateral malleolus bone.
LTAM* (MM[2]) RTAM*(MM[2])	Lower Leg/Foot	Left Talus Ankle Medial Right Talus Ankle Medial	Place the maker on the medial side of the ankle axis; on the medial prominence of the medial malleolus bone
LFM5(VM[2]) RFM5	Foot	Left Foot Fifth Metatarsal Right Foot Fifth Metatarsal	Place the marker on the dorsal aspect of the fifth metatarsal bone.
LFM2* (SM[2]) RFM2*	Foot	Left Foot Second Metatarsal Right Foot Second Metatarsal	Place the marker on the dorsal aspect of the second metatarsal bone.
LFM1 (FM[2]) RFM1	Foot	Left Foot First Metatarsal Right Foot First Metatarsal	Place the marker on the dorsal aspect of the first metatarsal bone.
LFCC (CA[2]) RFCC	Foot	Left Foot Calcaneus Right Foot Calcaneus	Place the marker on center of the heel, where the Achilles tendon attaches to the calcneous bone.
LDP1 RDP1	Toes	Left First Distal Phalanx Right First Distal Phalanx	Place the marker near the end of the big toe. More specifically, the marker should be placed at the distal end of the first phalanges.

References

1. Leardini, A., Biagi, F., Merlo, A., Belvedere, C., Benedetti, M.G., 2011. Multi-segment trunk kinematics during locomotion and elementary exercises. Clin. Biomech. 26, 562-571.

2. Leardini, A., Sawacha, Z., Paolini, G., Ingrosso, S., Nativo, R., Benedetti, M.G., 2007. A new anatomically based protocol for gait analysis in children. Gait Posture 26. 560-571.