The anterior and posterior views of the Biomech Markerset (54). The calibration markers are highlighted in red.
### Markers
| Head Markers | | | |
| ------------ | --------------- | -------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Labels | Related Segment | Anatomical Location | Placement Description |
| LAH | Head | Left Anterior Head | Place the markers on the left and right side of the fore head. The respective location is shown in the skeleton figure. |
| RAH | Head | Right Anterior Head | |
| LPH | Head | Left Posterior head | Place the markers on the left and right side of the head about 2 cm behind the ear. The respective location is shown in the skeleton figure. |
| RPH | Head | Right Posterior head | |
| Torso Markers | | | |
| ----------------------- | -------------------- | ------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Labels | Related Segment | Anatomical Location | Additional Description |
| SJN (IJ\[1]) | Thorax | Sternum Jugular Notch | Top most section of the sternum. Place the marker on the center of the two clavicle bones. |
| SXS (PX\[1]) | Thorax | Sternum Xiphoid Process | Lowest section of the sternum. Place the marker 1-2 cm above where bottom of the two rib cages conjoin. |
| CV7 (C7\[1]) | Thorax | Cervical Spine Vertebra 7 | The 7th cervical spine vertebra is the largest vertebra located at the most inferior region of the neck. This section usually protrudes to the posterior side and can be palpated. |
| TV2 (T2\[1]) | Thorax | Thoracic Spine Vertebra 2 | The second thoracic spine vertebra is located three spine levels below the C7 vertebra. Which is located approximately at same height with shoulder joint markers. |
| TV7 (T7\[1]) | Thorax | Thoracic Spine Vertebra 7 | Usually located at the center of the thoracic spinal column. |
| LHGT | Upper Arm / Shoulder | Left Glenohumeral Joint | Place the marker on the posterior side of the shoulder axis. Ask the subject to posture in T-pose while placing the markers. |
| RHGT | Upper Arm /Shoulder | Right Glenohumeral Joint | |
| Waist Markers | | | |
| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------- | -------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| Note that the waist markers are the key markers in modeling the pelvis bone, which is the major segment governing the other subsequent skeleton segments. | | | |
| Labels | Related Segment | Anatomical Location | Additional Description |
| LIAS (PSISl\[2]\[1]) | Pelvis | Left Iliac Anterior Spine | Place the marker on the protruding bones located on the left and right side of the pelvis front. |
| RIAS (PSIS\[2]\[1]) | Pelvis | Right Iliac Anterior Spine | |
| LIPS (ASIS\[2]\[1]) | Pelvis | Left Iliac Posterior Spine | Place each marker on the two dimples which can be palpated near the spine right above the hips. |
| RIPS (ASIS\[2]\[1]) | Right Iliac Posterior Spine | | |
| Upper Extremity Markers | | | |
| ------------------------ | --------------- | -------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Labels | Related Segment | Anatomical Location | Placement Description |
| LCAJ (LA\[1]) | Thorax | Left Clavicle-Acromion Joint | Ask the subject to stretch both arms towards the side (T-pose), then palpate top of each shoulder for the protruding bone. The prominence is usually located at the end of the corresponding clavicle bone just before where the upper arm starts. |
| RCAJ (RA\[1]) | Thorax | Right Clavicle-Acromion Joint | |
| LHLE | Upper Arm | Left Humerus Lateral Epicondyle | Placed the markers on the lateral side of the elbow axis. Flex and extend the arm few times to find where elbow axis is located. |
| RHLE | Upper Arm | Right Humerus Lateral Epicondyle | |
| LHME\* | Upper Arm | Left Humerus Medial Epicondyle | Place on the medial side of the elbow axis. Ask the subject to flex and extend the arm while placing the markers. |
| RHME\* | Upper Arm | Right Humerus Medial Epicondyle | |
| LUA | Upper Arm | Left Upper Arm | Ask the subject to stand in T-pose while placing the marker. Palpate to find the groove between the triceps muscles where skin movements are relatively minimal. |
| RUA | Upper Arm | Right Upper Arm | |
| Hand Markers | | | |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | --------------- | ---------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------- |
| For best results, place the three hand markers so the created shape is asymmetrical (avoid isosceles shape) and unique from the marker arrangements on the other hand. Since the wrist markers have defined placement — along the wrist axis — introduce small amount of positional offset to the LHM2 and RHM2 markers. | | | |
| Labels | Related Segment | Anatomical Location | Placement Description |
| LHM2 | Hand | Left Hand Second metatarsal | Place the marker slight below the knuckle of the index finger. |
| RHM2 | Hand | Right Hand Second metatarsal | |
| LUSP | Hand | Left Ulna Styloid Process | Place the marker on the lateral side of the wrist axis. |
| RUSP | Hand | Right Ulna Styloid Process | |
| LRSP | Hand | Left Radius Styloid Process | Place the marker on the medial side of the wrist axis. |
| RRSP | Hand | Right Radius Styloid Process | |
### References
\\[1]\[2]
1. Leardini, A., Biagi, F., Merlo, A., Belvedere, C., Benedetti, M.G., 2011. Multi-segment trunk kinematics during locomotion and elementary exercises. Clin. Biomech. 26, 562-571.
2. Leardini, A., Sawacha, Z., Paolini, G., Ingrosso, S., Nativo, R., Benedetti, M.G., 2007. A new anatomically based protocol for gait analysis in children. Gait Posture 26. 560-571.
