Biomech Lower Body (26)

The anterior and posterior views of the Biomech Markerset (54). The calibration markers are highlighted in red.

Markers

Waist Markers
Note that the waist markers are the key markers in modeling the pelvis bone, which is the major segment governing the other subsequent skeleton segments.
Labels	Related Segment	Anatomical Location	Additional Description
LIAS (PSISl[1][2])	Pelvis	Left Iliac Anterior Spine	Place the marker on the protruding bones located on the left and right side of the pelvis front.
RIAS (PSIS[1][2])	Pelvis	Right Iliac Anterior Spine
LIPS (ASIS[1][2])	Pelvis	Left Iliac Posterior Spine	Place each marker on the two dimples which can be palpated near the spine right above the hips.
RIPS (ASIS[1][2])	Right Iliac Posterior Spine

Lower Extremity Markers
The joint center of the knee and the ankle is modeled at the midpoint of the lateral and medial joint markers (FLE/FME and FAL/TAM). Assuming that center of the femoral head aligns with the center of the acetabulum, its virtual location is modeled using markers on the pelvis segment (posterior and anterior iliac spine markers). The lower extremity segments are modeled along these three virtual locations.
Labels	Related Segment	Anatomical Location	Placement Description
LFTC (GT[1])	Pelvis	Left Femoral greater Trochanter	Place the markers on left and right side of the hip, where you can palpate the hip joint or the most lateral prominence of the greater trochanter.
RFTC (GT[1])	Right Femoral greater Trochanter
LFLE (LE[1])	Upper Leg	Left Femur Lateral Epicondyle	Place the marker on the lateral prominence of the knee joint axis. More specifically, the marker should be placed on the femur epicondyle. You may need to ask the subject to flex and extend the knee few times to locate the axis.
RFLE (LE[1])	Right Femur Lateral Epicondyle
LFME* (ME[1])	Upper Leg	Left Femur Medial Epicondyle	Place the marker on the Medial prominence of the knee joint axis. Ask the subject to flex and extend the knee few times to locate the knee axis.
RFME* (ME[1])	Right Femur Medial Epicondyle
LTH	Upper Leg	Left Thigh	Place the markers at the front center of the thigh near the midline. This marker is placed for distinguishing left and right side of the skeleton. For best results, slightly offset the height of right and left marker to introduce an asymmetry.
RTH	Right Thigh
LSK	Upper Leg	Left Superior Knee	Place the markers on the shin bone near the midline of the lower leg. This marker is placed for distinguishing left and right side of the skeleton. For best results, slightly offset the height of right and left marker to introduce an asymmetry.
RSK	Right Superior Knee
LTTC (TT[1])	Lower Leg	Left Tibial Tubercle	Place the marker about 2-3 cm below the knee cap bone. This marker should be placed on the most anterior point of the tibial tuberosity.
RTTC (TT[1])	Right Tibial Tubercle
LFAX (HF[1])	Lowe Leg	Left Fibula Apex	While standing, place the markers approximately 5 cm below the LFLE and RFLE markers. This marker should be placed on the lateral prominence of proximal end of the fibula.
RFAX (HF[1])	Right Fibula Apex

Foot Markers
Labels	Related Segment	Anatomical Location	Placement Description
LFAL(LM[1])	Lower Leg/Foot	Left Fibula Ankle Lateral	Place the maker on the lateral side of the ankle axis; on the lateral prominence of the lateral malleolus bone.
RFAL	Right Fibula Ankle Lateral
LTAM* (MM[1])	Lower Leg/Foot	Left Talus Ankle Medial	Place the maker on the medial side of the ankle axis; on the medial prominence of the medial malleolus bone
RTAM*(MM[1])	Right Talus Ankle Medial
LFM5(VM[1])	Foot	Left Foot Fifth Metatarsal	Place the marker on the dorsal aspect of the fifth metatarsal bone.
RFM5	Right Foot Fifth Metatarsal
LFM2* (SM[1])	Foot	Left Foot Second Metatarsal	Place the marker on the dorsal aspect of the second metatarsal bone.
RFM2*	Right Foot Second Metatarsal
LFM1 (FM[1])	Foot	Left Foot First Metatarsal	Place the marker on the dorsal aspect of the first metatarsal bone.
RFM1	Right Foot First Metatarsal
LFCC (CA[1])	Foot	Left Foot Calcaneus	Place the marker on center of the heel, where the Achilles tendon attaches to the calcneous bone.
RFCC	Right Foot Calcaneus (Heel)
LDP1	Toes	Left First Distal Phalanx	Place the marker near the end of the big toe. More specifically, the marker should be placed at the distal end of the first phalanges.
RDP1	Toes	Right First Distal Phalanx

references

<references> ^[2]

^[1]

1. Leardini, A., Sawacha, Z., Paolini, G., Ingrosso, S., Nativo, R., Benedetti, M.G., 2007. A new anatomically based protocol for gait analysis in children. Gait Posture 26. 560-571.

2. Leardini, A., Biagi, F., Merlo, A., Belvedere, C., Benedetti, M.G., 2011. Multi-segment trunk kinematics during locomotion and elementary exercises. Clin. Biomech. 26, 562-571.